Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic condition characterized by bladder pressure and pelvic pain.
Symptoms of Interstitial Cystitis
Symptoms of IC can vary and fluctuate over time, with some experiencing periods without symptoms. Common signs include:
- Chronic pelvic pain
- Persistent, urgent need to urinate
- Pain or discomfort as the bladder fills, relieved after urination
- Frequent urination
- Pain during intercourse
- Pelvic pain or discomfort between the vagina and anus in women
- Pain between the scrotum and anus in men
IC symptoms resemble those of a chronic urinary tract infection but typically occur without an infection. Untreated IC can lead to complications like difficulty holding urine, reduced quality of life, strained relationships, stress, and depression.
Causes of Interstitial Cystitis
The exact cause of IC is unknown, but potential factors include a defect in the bladder’s protective lining, autoimmune reactions, infections, heredity, and allergies.
Risk Factors
Interstitial cystitis is two to three times more prevalent in women than in men. Men diagnosed with prostatitis or similar conditions might actually have interstitial cystitis. While stress is not a direct cause of IC, symptoms can worsen under physical or mental stress.
A family history of IC can elevate the risk of developing the condition. Additionally, a bladder injury may increase the likelihood of an infection, which could lead to interstitial cystitis.
The likelihood of developing IC is higher among women, individuals aged 30 or older, and those with chronic pain disorders like fibromyalgia or irritable bowel syndrome.
Diagnosing Interstitial Cystitis
During a doctor’s appointment, the physician will inquire about duration of symptoms, past and current medical conditions, use of over-the-counter and prescription medications, and diet (including the types and amounts of liquid consumed daily):
Diagnosing IC involves:
- Keeping a bladder diary to track fluid intake and urination
- Conducting a pelvic exam
- Reviewing medical history
- Performing a urine test to rule out infection
- Using cystoscopy to examine the bladder lining
- Biopsies to check for bladder cancer or other causes of bladder pain
- Urine cytology to identify cancer
Treatment Options
IC treatment often requires multiple approaches and combinations for symptom relief.
Physical Therapy: Alleviates pelvic pain related to tight connective tissue, muscle tenderness, and pelvic floor muscle issues.
Medications:
- Antihistamines (e.g., Atarax) to reduce urinary urgency and frequency
- Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline,) to relax the bladder and block pain
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxe
- Pentosan polysulfate sodium to restore the bladder’s inner surface
Nerve Stimulation:
- Sacral Nerve Stimulation: Reduces urinary urgency by sending electrical impulses to the bladder through a thin wire placed near the sacral nerves
- Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS): Relieves pelvic pain and may reduce urinary frequency by sending mild electrical pulses to the lower back or just above the pubic area
If you experience chronic pelvic pain or frequent, urgent urination, contact UCI Pelvic Health Center for expert diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis. Our dedicated team offers personalized care to help manage symptoms and improve your quality of life.